EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS OF AEROBIC ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2014.0514Keywords:
aerobic, training, blood pressure, womenAbstract
Aim: Nowadays increasing blood pressure is the most important risk factor of coronary, cerebral and renal vessel diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate that Physical inactivity adversely affects the blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Methods: 20 healthy postmenopausal women with similar age and weight were randomly devided in intervention and control groups. Subjects completed an informed consent form and health history questionnaire. The intervention group was trained in an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions weekly). Weight, body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), Lean body mass and blood pressure (BP) were measured in the beginning and the end of the study for all of the subjects. Data were analyzed by the Paired t-test and independent t- test. Results: The results showed that BF% , WHR, BMI decreased and Lean body mass increased significantly in training group after 8 weeks training (P0.05). Conclusions: It seems that a period of aerobic training for 8 weeks can be effective as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for improvement some physical fitness and body composition indexes, blood pressure in postmenopausal women.Downloads
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References
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<p>Berg A., John J., & Baumstalk M. Change on HDL subfractions after a single extended episode of physicalexercise. <i>Atherosclerosis1</i>. 1983, vol.47, pp. 231-240.</p>
<p>Blau S.N., Goodyear N.N., & Gibbons L.W. Cooper KH Physlcal lirncss and mcldcnce of hypenensmn in healthy normo~nwe men and women. <i>JAMA</i>. 1984, vol.252, pp. 487-490.</p>
<p>Church S.T., Earnest C.P., Skinner J.S., & Blair S.N. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial. <i>JAMA</i>. 2007, vol. 297, pp. 2081-2091.</p>
<p>Clarkson P., Montgomery H.E., Mullen M.J., Donald A.E., Powe A.J., & Bull T. Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. 1999, vol.33(5), pp. 1379-1385.</p>
<p>Collier S.R., Kanaley J.A., Carhart R.J.R., Frechette V., Tobin M.M., & Hall A.K. Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2008, vol.22, pp. 678-686.</p>
<p>Cornelissen V.A., Verheyden B., Aubert A.E., & Fagard R.H. Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart-rate variability. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2010, vol.24, pp. 175-182.</p>
<p>De Lyra Júnior D.P., Do Amaral R.T., Veiga E.V., Cárnio E.C., Nogueira M.S., & Pelá I.R. Pharmacotherapy in the elderly: A review about the multidisciplinary team approach in systemic arterial hypertension control. <i>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</i>. 2006, vol.14, pp.435-41.</p>
<p>Fagard R. Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training. <i>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</i>. 2006, vol.33, pp.853–856.</p>
<p>Fenkci S., Sarsan A., Rota S., & Ardic F. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercises on metabolic parameters in obese women who are not on a diet.Adv Ther. 2006, vol.23, pp.404–13.</p>
<p>Ferrara L.A., Guida L., Iannuzzi R., Celentano A., & Lionello F. Serum cholesterol affects blood pressure regulation. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2002, vol.16, pp.337-43.</p>
<p>Foger B., Wohlfarter T., Ristch A., Lechleitner M., Miller C.H., & Patsch J.R. Kinetics of lipids, apolipoproteins, and cholesterol ester transfer protein in plasma after a bicyle marathon. <i>Metabolism</i>. 1994, vol.43, pp. 633-639.</p>
<p>Frank L.L., Sorensen B.E., Yasui Y., Tworoger S.S., Schwartz R.S., & Ulrich C.M. Effects of exercise on metabolic risk variables in overweight postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. <em>Obesity Research. </em>2005, vol.13(3), pp. 615-625.</p>
<p>Greenland P., Alpert J.S., Beller G.A., Benjamin E.J., Budoff M.J., & Fayad Z.A. Guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. <i>Circulation</i>. 2010, vol.122(25), pp. 584-636.</p>
<p>Hagberg J.M., Montain S.J., Martin III W.H., & Ehsani A.A. Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension. <em>American</em> <i>Journal of</i> <em>Cardiology</em>1989, vol.64, pp. 348–353.</p>
<p>Hong Y.J., Lee S.M., Jo Y.H., & Kang S.Y. The study on exercise and quality of life for elderly female<i>. </i><em>Korean Physical Education Association</em> <i>for</i><em>Girls</em> <i>and</i> <em>Women. </em>2005, vol.19(3), pp. 97-105.</p>
<p>Hyung H.K., & Kim H.S. The effect of brisk walking exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid for middle-aged woman with obesity. <em>Society</em> <i>of</i> <em>Biological Nursing Science. </em>2001, vol.3(1), pp. 11-28.</p>
<p>Irving B.A., Davis C.K., Brock D.W., Weltman J.Y., Swift D., & Barrett E.J. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>Science</em> <i>in</i> <em>Sports</em> & <em>Exercise.</em> 2008, vol.40, pp.1863–1872.</p>
<p>Jeon J.G., Lee W.R., Park H.G., Yoon A.R., Joung S.H., & Lee Y.R. Effects of water exercise program for 24 weeks on the body composition, health related fitness, and quality of life in elders. <em>Journal of Physical</em> <i>Education and</i> <em>Sport Science. </em>2010, vol,12(3), pp. 25-33.</p>
<p>Kafkas M.E., Açak M., & Karademir T. <i>Education and Sports Sciences Journal. </i>2009, vol.3, pp. 3-8.</p>
<p>Katch F., Michael E.D., & Horvath S.M. Estimation of body volume by underwater weighing: description of a simple method<i>. </i><em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Applied Physiology. </em>1967, vol.23, pp. 811–813.</p>
<p>Kirkendall W.M., Feinleib M., Freis E.D., & Mark A.L. Recommendations for human blood pressure determi-nation by sphygmomanometers. Subcommittee of the AHA Postgraduate Education Committee. <i>Stroke</i>.1981, vol.12, pp. 555–564.</p>
<p>MacDonald J., MacDougall J., & Hogben C. The effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 1999, vol.13, pp. 527-531.</p>
<p>Manson J.E., Greenland P., LaCroix A.Z., Stefanick M.L., Mouton C.P., & Oberman A. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. <i>New England Journal of Medicine.</i> 2002, vol.347, pp. 716-725.</p>
<p>Martynov A.I. New features assess arterial stiffness - early marker for cardiovascular disease. <i>Publishing House-Russian Doctor</i>. 2007, vol.8, pp. 43-48.</p>
<p>McGowan C.L., Levy, A.S., Millar P.J., Guzman J.C., Morillo C.A., McCartney, N., & MacDonald M. J. Acute vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise and effects of training in persons medicated for hypertension. <em>American Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Physiology</em> - <em>Heart</em> <i>and Circulatory</i> <em>Physiology. </em>2006, vol.291, pp.1797–1802.</p>
<p>Moraes M.R., Bacurau R.F., Simões H.G., Campbell C.S., Pudo M.A., & Wasinski F. Effect of 12 weeks of resistance exercise on post-exercise hypotension in stage 1 hypertensive individuals. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2011, vol,26(9), pp. 533-539.</p>
<p>Mueller P.J. Exercise training and sympathetic nervous system activity: evidence for physical activity dependent neural plasticity. <i>Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology</i>. 2007, vol.34(4), pp. 377-384.</p>
<p>Nesterov V.P., Burdygin A.I., Nesterov S.V., Filenko S.A., & Tsygvintsev S.N. Age-related peculiarities of dynamic structure of wave of the human blood arterial pressure. <i>Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii</i>. 2009, vol.45, pp. 505-510.</p>
<p>Pérusse L., Collier G., Gagnon J., Leon S.A., Rao C.D., & Skinner S.J. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on leptin levels in humans<i>. </i><em>Journal</em> <i>of</i><em>Applied Physiology.</em> 1997, vol, 83(1), pp. 5–10.</p>
<p>Roberts C.K., Vaziri N.D., & Barnard R.J. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. <i>Circulation</i>. 2002, vol.106, pp. 2530-2532.</p>
<p>Saavedra J.M., De L.A., Cruz E., Escalante Y., & Rodriguez AF. Influence of a medium-impact aquaerobic program on health-related quality of life and fitness level in healthy adult females. <i>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. </i>2007, vol.47(10), pp. 468–474.</p>
<p>Stewart K.J., Bacher A.C., Turner K.L., Fleg J.L., Hees P.S., & Shapiro E.P. Effect of exercise on blood pressure in older persons: A randomized controlled trial. <i>Archives of Internal</i> <em>Medicine. </em>2005, vol.165, pp. 756-762.</p>
<p>Sucic m., & Oreskovi C. Effect of kinesiologic recretion on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in fertile women. <i>Metabolism.</i> 1995, vol. 44, pp. 701-704.</p>
<p>Vianna M.V.A, Cader S.A., Gomes A.L.M., Guimara˜es A.C., Silva I.A.S., Rego A.R., Adao K.D.S., & Dantas E.H.M. Aerobic conditioning, blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI) of older participants of the Brazilian Family Health Program (FHP) after 16 weeks of guided physical activity. <i>Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics</i>. 2012, vol.54, pp. 210–213.</p>
<p>Wilmore J.H., Stanforth P.R., Gagnon J., Rice T., Mandel S., & Leon A.S. Heart rate and blood pressure changes with endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>Science</em> <i>in</i> <em>Sports</em> & <em>Exercise. </em>2001. vol.33, pp. 107–116.</p>
<p>Yanagibori R., Kawakubo K., Gurji A., Aoki K., & Miyoshita M. Effects of 12 week-exercise walking on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in middle aged women: does menopause status influence training effects. <i>Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi</i>. 1993, vol.40, pp. 459-467.</p>
<p>Berg A., John J., & Baumstalk M. Change on HDL subfractions after a single extended episode of physicalexercise. <i>Atherosclerosis1</i>. 1983, vol.47, pp. 231-240.</p>
<p>Blau S.N., Goodyear N.N., & Gibbons L.W. Cooper KH Physlcal lirncss and mcldcnce of hypenensmn in healthy normo~nwe men and women. <i>JAMA</i>. 1984, vol.252, pp. 487-490.</p>
<p>Church S.T., Earnest C.P., Skinner J.S., & Blair S.N. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: A randomized controlled trial. <i>JAMA</i>. 2007, vol. 297, pp. 2081-2091.</p>
<p>Clarkson P., Montgomery H.E., Mullen M.J., Donald A.E., Powe A.J., & Bull T. Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. 1999, vol.33(5), pp. 1379-1385.</p>
<p>Collier S.R., Kanaley J.A., Carhart R.J.R., Frechette V., Tobin M.M., & Hall A.K. Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2008, vol.22, pp. 678-686.</p>
<p>Cornelissen V.A., Verheyden B., Aubert A.E., & Fagard R.H. Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart-rate variability. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2010, vol.24, pp. 175-182.</p>
<p>De Lyra Júnior D.P., Do Amaral R.T., Veiga E.V., Cárnio E.C., Nogueira M.S., & Pelá I.R. Pharmacotherapy in the elderly: A review about the multidisciplinary team approach in systemic arterial hypertension control. <i>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</i>. 2006, vol.14, pp.435-41.</p>
<p>Fagard R. Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training. <i>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</i>. 2006, vol.33, pp.853–856.</p>
<p>Fenkci S., Sarsan A., Rota S., & Ardic F. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercises on metabolic parameters in obese women who are not on a diet.Adv Ther. 2006, vol.23, pp.404–13.</p>
<p>Ferrara L.A., Guida L., Iannuzzi R., Celentano A., & Lionello F. Serum cholesterol affects blood pressure regulation. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2002, vol.16, pp.337-43.</p>
<p>Foger B., Wohlfarter T., Ristch A., Lechleitner M., Miller C.H., & Patsch J.R. Kinetics of lipids, apolipoproteins, and cholesterol ester transfer protein in plasma after a bicyle marathon. <i>Metabolism</i>. 1994, vol.43, pp. 633-639.</p>
<p>Frank L.L., Sorensen B.E., Yasui Y., Tworoger S.S., Schwartz R.S., & Ulrich C.M. Effects of exercise on metabolic risk variables in overweight postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. <em>Obesity Research. </em>2005, vol.13(3), pp. 615-625.</p>
<p>Greenland P., Alpert J.S., Beller G.A., Benjamin E.J., Budoff M.J., & Fayad Z.A. Guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. <i>Circulation</i>. 2010, vol.122(25), pp. 584-636.</p>
<p>Hagberg J.M., Montain S.J., Martin III W.H., & Ehsani A.A. Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension. <em>American</em> <i>Journal of</i> <em>Cardiology</em>1989, vol.64, pp. 348–353.</p>
<p>Hong Y.J., Lee S.M., Jo Y.H., & Kang S.Y. The study on exercise and quality of life for elderly female<i>. </i><em>Korean Physical Education Association</em> <i>for</i><em>Girls</em> <i>and</i> <em>Women. </em>2005, vol.19(3), pp. 97-105.</p>
<p>Hyung H.K., & Kim H.S. The effect of brisk walking exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid for middle-aged woman with obesity. <em>Society</em> <i>of</i> <em>Biological Nursing Science. </em>2001, vol.3(1), pp. 11-28.</p>
<p>Irving B.A., Davis C.K., Brock D.W., Weltman J.Y., Swift D., & Barrett E.J. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>Science</em> <i>in</i> <em>Sports</em> & <em>Exercise.</em> 2008, vol.40, pp.1863–1872.</p>
<p>Jeon J.G., Lee W.R., Park H.G., Yoon A.R., Joung S.H., & Lee Y.R. Effects of water exercise program for 24 weeks on the body composition, health related fitness, and quality of life in elders. <em>Journal of Physical</em> <i>Education and</i> <em>Sport Science. </em>2010, vol,12(3), pp. 25-33.</p>
<p>Kafkas M.E., Açak M., & Karademir T. <i>Education and Sports Sciences Journal. </i>2009, vol.3, pp. 3-8.</p>
<p>Katch F., Michael E.D., & Horvath S.M. Estimation of body volume by underwater weighing: description of a simple method<i>. </i><em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Applied Physiology. </em>1967, vol.23, pp. 811–813.</p>
<p>Kirkendall W.M., Feinleib M., Freis E.D., & Mark A.L. Recommendations for human blood pressure determi-nation by sphygmomanometers. Subcommittee of the AHA Postgraduate Education Committee. <i>Stroke</i>.1981, vol.12, pp. 555–564.</p>
<p>MacDonald J., MacDougall J., & Hogben C. The effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 1999, vol.13, pp. 527-531.</p>
<p>Manson J.E., Greenland P., LaCroix A.Z., Stefanick M.L., Mouton C.P., & Oberman A. Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women. <i>New England Journal of Medicine.</i> 2002, vol.347, pp. 716-725.</p>
<p>Martynov A.I. New features assess arterial stiffness - early marker for cardiovascular disease. <i>Publishing House-Russian Doctor</i>. 2007, vol.8, pp. 43-48.</p>
<p>McGowan C.L., Levy, A.S., Millar P.J., Guzman J.C., Morillo C.A., McCartney, N., & MacDonald M. J. Acute vascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise and effects of training in persons medicated for hypertension. <em>American Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Physiology</em> - <em>Heart</em> <i>and Circulatory</i> <em>Physiology. </em>2006, vol.291, pp.1797–1802.</p>
<p>Moraes M.R., Bacurau R.F., Simões H.G., Campbell C.S., Pudo M.A., & Wasinski F. Effect of 12 weeks of resistance exercise on post-exercise hypotension in stage 1 hypertensive individuals. <i>Journal of Human Hypertension</i>. 2011, vol,26(9), pp. 533-539.</p>
<p>Mueller P.J. Exercise training and sympathetic nervous system activity: evidence for physical activity dependent neural plasticity. <i>Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology</i>. 2007, vol.34(4), pp. 377-384.</p>
<p>Nesterov V.P., Burdygin A.I., Nesterov S.V., Filenko S.A., & Tsygvintsev S.N. Age-related peculiarities of dynamic structure of wave of the human blood arterial pressure. <i>Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii</i>. 2009, vol.45, pp. 505-510.</p>
<p>Pérusse L., Collier G., Gagnon J., Leon S.A., Rao C.D., & Skinner S.J. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on leptin levels in humans<i>. </i><em>Journal</em> <i>of</i><em>Applied Physiology.</em> 1997, vol, 83(1), pp. 5–10.</p>
<p>Roberts C.K., Vaziri N.D., & Barnard R.J. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. <i>Circulation</i>. 2002, vol.106, pp. 2530-2532.</p>
<p>Saavedra J.M., De L.A., Cruz E., Escalante Y., & Rodriguez AF. Influence of a medium-impact aquaerobic program on health-related quality of life and fitness level in healthy adult females. <i>Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. </i>2007, vol.47(10), pp. 468–474.</p>
<p>Stewart K.J., Bacher A.C., Turner K.L., Fleg J.L., Hees P.S., & Shapiro E.P. Effect of exercise on blood pressure in older persons: A randomized controlled trial. <i>Archives of Internal</i> <em>Medicine. </em>2005, vol.165, pp. 756-762.</p>
<p>Sucic m., & Oreskovi C. Effect of kinesiologic recretion on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in fertile women. <i>Metabolism.</i> 1995, vol. 44, pp. 701-704.</p>
<p>Vianna M.V.A, Cader S.A., Gomes A.L.M., Guimara˜es A.C., Silva I.A.S., Rego A.R., Adao K.D.S., & Dantas E.H.M. Aerobic conditioning, blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI) of older participants of the Brazilian Family Health Program (FHP) after 16 weeks of guided physical activity. <i>Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics</i>. 2012, vol.54, pp. 210–213.</p>
<p>Wilmore J.H., Stanforth P.R., Gagnon J., Rice T., Mandel S., & Leon A.S. Heart rate and blood pressure changes with endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study. <em>Medicine</em> & <em>Science</em> <i>in</i> <em>Sports</em> & <em>Exercise. </em>2001. vol.33, pp. 107–116.</p>
<p>Yanagibori R., Kawakubo K., Gurji A., Aoki K., & Miyoshita M. Effects of 12 week-exercise walking on serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in middle aged women: does menopause status influence training effects. <i>Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi</i>. 1993, vol.40, pp. 459-467.</p>
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2014-10-28
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Shahram G, Mina Z, Ramin S, Rastegar H. EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS OF AEROBIC ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. Physical Education of Students. 2014;18(5):74-8. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2014.0514
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