The effect of aerobic continuous training and detraining on left ventricular structure and function in male students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0202Keywords:
aerobic exercise, detraining, left ventricular function, echocardiographyAbstract
Purpose. Regular exercise training induces cardiac physiological hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic continuous training and a detraining period on left ventricular structure and function in non-athlete healthy men. Material. Ten untrained healthy male students (aged 18-22 years) were volunteered and participated in countryside continuous jogging programme (3days/week, at 70% of Maximum Heart Rate for 45 min, 8-weeks) and four weeks detraining afterwards. M-mode, 2-dimensional, colour and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography were performed, during resting conditions, before and after the training and after detraining period. Results. Using t-test, we found significant difference in end systolic diameter and the posterior wall thickness, percentage shortening and ejection fraction after eight weeks training compared to before training. It was found no significant difference in end diastolic diameter, interventricular septum thickness, left atrium diameter, aortic root diameter, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Following four weeks detraining after training, compared with eight weeks of training was a significant difference in end diastolic diameter, percentage shortening and ejection fraction and no significant difference in end systolic diameter, posterior wall thickness, interventricular septum thickness, left atrium diameter, aortic root diameter, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Conclusions. In general, eight-week aerobic continuous training and a detraining period can affect left ventricular structure and function.References
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Park SK, Park JH, Kwon YC, Yoon MS, Kim CS. The effect of long-term aerobic exercise on maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular function and serum lipids in elderly women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci, 2003; 22 (1): 11-7. doi:10.2114/jpa.22.11
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Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, Van der Laarse LA, Van der Around V, Wall EE. The athletes heart a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation, 2000; 101: 336-344. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.336
Rodrigues ACT, de Melo Costa J, Alves GB, Ferreira da Silva D, Picard MH, Andrade JL, et al. Left ventricular function after exercise training in young men. Am J Cardiol, 2006; 97(7): 1089-92. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.055
Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, Firoozi S, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Physiologic limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: Relevance to differential diagnosis of athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 40 (8): 1431-6. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02270-2
Shiotani H, Umegaki Y, Tanaka M, Kimura M, Ando H. Effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart rate and blood pressure. Chronobiol Int, 2009; 26 (8): 1636-46. doi:10.3109/07420520903553443
Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stølen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 2008; 118: 346-354. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822
Venckunas T, Raugaliene R, Jankauskiene E, Tomas V, Rasa RA, Edita J. Structure and function of distance runners' heart. Medicina (Kaunas), 2005; 4: 685-692
Vitartaite A, Vainoras A, Sedekerskiene V, Poderys J. The influence of aerobics exercise to cardiovascular functional parameters of 30-40 year old women. Medicina (Kaunas), 2004; 40 (5): 451-8.
Conraads VM, Beckers P, Vaes J, Martin M, Van Hoof V, De Maeyer C, et al. Combined endurance/resistance training reduces NT-proBNP levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J, 2004; 25 (20): 1797-1805. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.07.022
D’Andrea A, Limongelli G, Caso P, Sarubbi B, Pietra AD, Brancaccio P, et al. Association between left ventricular structure and cardiac performance during effort in two morphological forms of athlete’s heart. Int J Cardiol, 2002; 86 (2-3): 177-184. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00194-8
duManoir GR, Haykowsky MJ, Syrotuik DG, Taylor DA, Bell GJ. The effect of high intensity rowing and combined strength and endurance training on left ventricular systolic function and morphology. Int J Sports Med, 2007; 28: 488-494. doi:10.1055/s-2006-955897
Gates PE, Tanaka H, Graves J, Seals DR. Left ventricular structure and diastolic function with human ageing. Relation to habitual exercise and arterial stiffness. Eur Hear. J, 2003; 24: 2213-20. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.026
George KP, Gates PE, Whyte G, Fenoglio RA, Lea R. Echocardiographic examination of cardiac structure and function in elite cross trained male and female alpine skiers. Br J Sports Med, 1999; 33: 93-99. doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.2.93
Goodman JM, Liu PP, Green HJ. Left ventricular adaptations following short term endurance training. J Appl Physiol, 2005; 98: 454-460. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00258.2004
Haykowsky MJ, Liang Y, Pechter D, Jones LW, McAlister FA, Clark AM. A meta-analysis of the effect of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling in heart failure patients: the benefit depends on the type of training performed. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007; 49 (24): 2329-2336. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.055.
Kemi OJ, Haram PM, Wisløff U, Ellingsen Ø. Aerobic fitness is associated with cardiomyocyte contractile capacity and endothelial function in exercise training and detraining. Circulation, 2004; 109 (23): 2897-904. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129308.04757.72
Luthra A. Echo made easy. New Dehli: Dehli Press;2005.
Makan J, Sharma S, Firoozi S, Whyte G, Jackson PG, McKenna WJ. Physiological upper limits of ventricular cavity size in highly trained adolescent athletes. Heart, 2005; 91 (4): 495-9. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.035121
Meyer K, Foster C, Georgakopoulos N, Hajric R, Westbrook S, Ellestad A, et al. Comparison of left ventricular function during interval versus steady-state exercise training in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1998; 82 (11): 1382-7. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00646-8
Mihl C, Dassen WRM, Kuipers H. Cardiac remodelling: Concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes. Neth Heart J, 2008; 16 (4): 129–133. doi:10.1007/BF03086131
Middleton N, Shave R., George K, Whyte G, Hart E, Atkinson G. Left ventricular function immediately following prolonged exercise: A meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2006; 38 (4): 681-7. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000210203.10200.12
Obert P, Nottin S, Baquet G, Thevenet D, Gamelin FX, Berthoin S.Two months of endurance training does not alter diastolic function evaluated by TDI in 9-11-year-old boys and girls. Br J Sports Med, 2009; 43 (2): 132-5. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.039941
Obert P, Mandigout S, Vinet A, N'Guyen LD, Stecken F, Courteix D. Effect of aerobic training and detraining on left ventricular dimensions and diastolic function in prepubertal boys and girls. Int J sports Med, 2001; 22: 90-96. doi:10.1055/s-2001-11343
Oakley D. The athlete's heart. Heart - BMJ Journals, 2001; 86 (6): 722–726. doi:10.1136/heart.86.6.722
Park SK, Park JH, Kwon YC, Yoon MS, Kim CS. The effect of long-term aerobic exercise on maximal oxygen consumption, left ventricular function and serum lipids in elderly women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci, 2003; 22 (1): 11-7. doi:10.2114/jpa.22.11
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F. Remodeling of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Elite Athletes After Long-Term Deconditioning. Circulation, 2002; 105: 944-949. doi:10.1161/hc0802.104534
Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, Van der Laarse LA, Van der Around V, Wall EE. The athletes heart a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation, 2000; 101: 336-344. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.101.3.336
Rodrigues ACT, de Melo Costa J, Alves GB, Ferreira da Silva D, Picard MH, Andrade JL, et al. Left ventricular function after exercise training in young men. Am J Cardiol, 2006; 97(7): 1089-92. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.055
Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, Firoozi S, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Physiologic limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: Relevance to differential diagnosis of athlete's heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 40 (8): 1431-6. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02270-2
Shiotani H, Umegaki Y, Tanaka M, Kimura M, Ando H. Effects of aerobic exercise on the circadian rhythm of heart rate and blood pressure. Chronobiol Int, 2009; 26 (8): 1636-46. doi:10.3109/07420520903553443
Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stølen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 2008; 118: 346-354. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822
Venckunas T, Raugaliene R, Jankauskiene E, Tomas V, Rasa RA, Edita J. Structure and function of distance runners' heart. Medicina (Kaunas), 2005; 4: 685-692
Vitartaite A, Vainoras A, Sedekerskiene V, Poderys J. The influence of aerobics exercise to cardiovascular functional parameters of 30-40 year old women. Medicina (Kaunas), 2004; 40 (5): 451-8.
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2017-04-04
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Javad M, Mohammadali M, Toba K. The effect of aerobic continuous training and detraining on left ventricular structure and function in male students. Physical Education of Students. 2017;21(2):61-5. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0202
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