Perceived knowledge of female athletes on the influence and effects of the menstrual cycle on musculoskeletal injuries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2023.0102Keywords:
sport, women, menstruation, hormones, knowledge levels, musculoskeletal injuriesAbstract
Background and Study Aim. The menstrual cycle (MC) has been theorized as a significant factor that contributes to musculoskeletal injuries amongst female athletes. However, the literature showing its effects are limited. Additionally, very little is known about the knowledge of the MC and its effects on the body and injury occurrence amongst competitive female athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate the knowledge levels on the effects of the MC and hormonal contraceptives amongst female athletes. Material and Methods. An online questionnaire was utilized. The questionnaire was distributed by the researchers, sports coaches and managers of the respective sports teams to university athletes older than 18 years. The data was analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 28). Results. A total of 76 participants were recruited in this study with a mean age of 21,12±2,033. Out of the 76 respondents, 50% had no knowledge and only 2,6% had very high knowledge of the MC and its effects on musculoskeletal injuries. Majority of the respondents had “low knowledge” (n=32) on the effects of hormonal contraceptives on the body and only 5 participants had “very high knowledge”. Conclusion. Majority of the female athletes’ knowledge ranged from no to low knowledge of the MC and its effects on the body and musculoskeletal injuries. Additionally, the knowledge levels on the effects of hormonal contraceptives on the body were predominantly low. This highlights the importance of expanding the knowledge of female athletes and stakeholders within the sports community on the effects of the MC on injury occurrence.Downloads
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References
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7. Herzberg SD, Motu’apuaka ML, Lambert W, Fu R, Brady J, Guise JM. The effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptives on ACL injuries and laxity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017;5(7):2325967117718781. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117718781
8. Chidi-Ogbolu N, Baar K. Effect of estrogen on musculoskeletal performance and injury risk. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019;9:1834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01834
9. Gray AM, Gugala Z, Baillargeon JG. Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2016;48(4):648–54. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000806
10. Clarke AC, Bruinvels G, Julian R, Inge P, Pedlar CR, Govus AD. Hormonal contraceptive use in football codes in Australia. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021;3:634866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.634866
11. Dupree L. Performance and knowledge related to the menstrual cycle within Swedish elite sports: From the athletes’ point of view; [Master thesis]; 2019.
12. Whitehead S, Weakley J, Cormack S, Alfano H, Kerss J, Mooney M, Jones B. The applied sports science and medicine of netball: a systematic scoping review. Sports Medicine, 2021;51(8):1715–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01461-6
13. Maryam M, Mahaneem M, Mitra OM. Effect of exercise on reproductive hormones in female athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 2013;5(1): 7-12.
14. Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Sabapathy S, Leveritt M. Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake. A meta-analysis. Appetite, 2013;63:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.010
15. Larsen B, Morris K, Quinn K, Osborne M, Minahan C. Practice does not make perfect: A brief view of athletes’ knowledge on the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2020;23(8):690–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.003
16. Ericksen H, Gribble PA. Sex differences, hormone fluctuations, ankle stability, and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic Training, 2012;47(2):143-8. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.2.143
17. von Rosen P, Ekenros L, Solli GS, Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg HC, Hirschberg AL, Fridén C. Offered Support and Knowledge about the Menstrual Cycle in the Athletic Community: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1086 Female Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022;19(19):11932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911932
2. Martin D, Timmins K, Cowie C, Alty J, Mehta R, Tang A, Varley I. Injury incidence across the menstrual cycle in international footballers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021;3:616999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.616999
3. Reed BG, Carr BR. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, et al. (eds.) Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
4. Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. [Updated 2022 Oct 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500020/
5. Balachandar V, Marciniak JL, Wall O, Balachandar C. Effects of the menstrual cycle on lower-limb biomechanics, neuromuscular control, and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 2017;7(1):136. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.136
6. Belanger L, Burt D, Callaghan J, Clifton S, Gleberzon BJ. Anterior cruciate ligament laxity related to the menstrual cycle: an updated systematic review of the literature. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 2013 ;57(1):76.
7. Herzberg SD, Motu’apuaka ML, Lambert W, Fu R, Brady J, Guise JM. The effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptives on ACL injuries and laxity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017;5(7):2325967117718781. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117718781
8. Chidi-Ogbolu N, Baar K. Effect of estrogen on musculoskeletal performance and injury risk. Frontiers in Physiology, 2019;9:1834. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01834
9. Gray AM, Gugala Z, Baillargeon JG. Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2016;48(4):648–54. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000806
10. Clarke AC, Bruinvels G, Julian R, Inge P, Pedlar CR, Govus AD. Hormonal contraceptive use in football codes in Australia. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2021;3:634866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.634866
11. Dupree L. Performance and knowledge related to the menstrual cycle within Swedish elite sports: From the athletes’ point of view; [Master thesis]; 2019.
12. Whitehead S, Weakley J, Cormack S, Alfano H, Kerss J, Mooney M, Jones B. The applied sports science and medicine of netball: a systematic scoping review. Sports Medicine, 2021;51(8):1715–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01461-6
13. Maryam M, Mahaneem M, Mitra OM. Effect of exercise on reproductive hormones in female athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 2013;5(1): 7-12.
14. Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Sabapathy S, Leveritt M. Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake. A meta-analysis. Appetite, 2013;63:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.010
15. Larsen B, Morris K, Quinn K, Osborne M, Minahan C. Practice does not make perfect: A brief view of athletes’ knowledge on the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2020;23(8):690–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.003
16. Ericksen H, Gribble PA. Sex differences, hormone fluctuations, ankle stability, and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic Training, 2012;47(2):143-8. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.2.143
17. von Rosen P, Ekenros L, Solli GS, Sandbakk Ø, Holmberg HC, Hirschberg AL, Fridén C. Offered Support and Knowledge about the Menstrual Cycle in the Athletic Community: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1086 Female Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022;19(19):11932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911932
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Published
2023-02-07
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Sefotha C, Beckett C, Ferreira S, Smith L. Perceived knowledge of female athletes on the influence and effects of the menstrual cycle on musculoskeletal injuries. Physical Education of Students. 2023;27(1):10-6. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2023.0102
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