Association between body composition, physical activity level and Illinois agility test performance in young males and females
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2022.0403Keywords:
Agility, performance, illinois agility test, body composition, physical activityAbstract
Background and Study Aim. Agility performance, which is a skill related to fast change of direction, explosiveness, and quickness, is a vital performance component for team sports. Illuminating factors that affect agility is substantial to understand the ability requirements and improve. This study aims to investigate correlations of the body analyze parameters and agility performance. Material and Methods. One hundred twenty three young participants (93 male, 30 female) were included in this research. Height, weight, fat (%), fat (kg), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass, total body water (TBW, kg, and %), bone mass, basal metabolic rate (BMR), metabolic age, visceral rating, and body mass index (BMI) measured for all participants. Illinois Agility Test (IAT) was used to analyze agility performance. A questionnaire including questions about the physical activity level of participants was applied to all participants after IAT. Results. Results showed that height was a dominant determinant of IAT performance. There were significant positive correlations between height (negative correlation in women), body weight, fat percentage, fat mass, and visceral rating level (p < 0.05). TBW (%) had a negative relation with IAT duration (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of IAT between the participants who stated their physical activity levels as low, medium and high (p = 0.025*). Increased daily physical activity level and daily step count increased the agility performance (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Coaches and athletes should be considered especially body weight, fat (%), hydration status, and daily physical activity level to improve agility performance.Downloads
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References
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00506
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https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2012.05.0096
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https://doi.org/10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03692-0
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https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014134
9. Miftari F, Selimi M, Badau D, Kelmendi D. Identifying differences between basketball, handball and volleyball players in increasing explosive force and agility. Human Sport Medicine. 2021;21(2): 144–154.
https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm210218
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https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i5.3131
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https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.004
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https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002325
16. Patricio Ojeda-Aravena A, Azocar-Gallardo J, Hernandez-Mosqueira C, Hentra-Valenzuela T. Relationship between the specific agility test in taekwondo (tsat), explosive strength and 5-m linear speed in taekwondo athletes of both sexes. Retos-Nuevas Tendencias En Educacion Fisica Deporte Y Recreacion. 2021;(39): 84–88.
17. Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-Specific Influences of Balance, Speed, and Power on Agility Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(3): 802–811.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0
18. Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Calleja-González J, Arruda AFS, Guerriero A, Kobal R, et al. Differences in Change of Direction Speed and Deficit Between Male and Female National Rugby Sevens Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2021;35(11):3170–6.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003195
19. McFarland IT, Dawes JJ, Elder CL, Lockie RG. Relationship of Two Vertical Jumping Tests to Sprint and Change of Direction Speed among Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players. Sports. 2016;4(1):11.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4010011
20. Jukić J, Katić R, Blazević S. Impact of morphological and motor dimensions on success of young male and female karateka. Collegium Antropologicum. 2012;36(4): 1247–1255.
21. Sonesson S, Lindblom H, Hagglund M. Performance on sprint, agility and jump tests have moderate to strong correlations in youth football players but performance tests are weakly correlated to neuromuscular control tests. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy. 2021;29(5):1659–69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06302-z
22. Pereira LA, Nimphius S, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Turisco LAL, Orsi RC, et al. Relationship Between Change of Direction, Speed, and Power in Male and Female National Olympic Team Handball Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018;32(10):2987–94.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002494
23. Kramer TA, Sacko RS, Pfeifer CE, Gatens DR, Goins JM, Stodden DF. The Association Between The Functional Movement Screen (Tm), Y-balance Test, And Physical Performance Tests In Male And Female High School Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2019;14(6):911–9.
https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20190911
24. Stanish HI, Wood TM, Campagna P. Prediction of Performance on the RCMP Physical Ability Requirement Evaluation. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999;41(8):669-77.
25. Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Different change of direction tests assess different physical ability parameters: Principal component analysis of nine change of direction tests. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2021; 174795412110516.
https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211051676
26. Cortes-Lopez MD, Larrosa-Haro A, De-Celis-Carrillo RA. Relationship between Sucralose Consumption and Serum Concentration of Glycosylated Hemoglobin in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Complications. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science. 2018;6(2):415–26.
https://doi.org/10.5455/jrmds.20186264
27. Engin B, Kutlubay Z, Yardimci G, Vehid HE, Ambarcioglu P, Serdaroglu S, et al. Evaluation of body composition parameters in patients with psoriasis. International Journal of Dermatology. 2014;53(12):1468–73.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12171
28. Simonek J, Horicka P, Hianik J. Differences in pre-planned agility and reactive agility performance in sport games. Acta Gymnica. 2016;46(2):68–73.
https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2016.006
29. Bawiskar D, Phansopkar P. Efficacy of Agility Training in a Police Cadet: A Case Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(38A):281–7.
https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i38A32087
30. Jarvis S, Sullivan LO, Davies B, Wiltshire H, Baker JS. Interrelationships Between Measured Running Intensities and Agility Performance in Subelite Rugby Union Players. Research in Sports Medicine. 2009;17(4):217–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620903323892
31. Pohl D, Alpous A, Hamer S, Longmuir PE. Higher screen time, lower muscular endurance, and decreased agility limit the physical literacy of children with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019;90:260–5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.05.010
32. Dhapola MS, Verma B. Relationship of body mass index with agility and speed of university players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2017;4(2):313–5.
33. Thakur JS, Kerketta I, Meena TR. Relationship of agility and speed ability with selected anthropometric variables of male football players. International Journal of Physical Education and Sports. 2017;2(4):15–9.
34. Mayhew JL, Piper FC, Schwegler TM, Ball TE. Contributions of Speed, Agility and Body Composition to Anaerobic Power Measurement in College Football Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1989;3(4):101–106.
35. Naylor J, Greig M. A hierarchical model of factors influencing a battery of agility tests. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2015;55(11):1329–35.
36. Chaouachi A, Brughelli M, Chamari K, Levin GT, Abdelkrim NB, Laurencelle L, et al. Lower Limb Maximal Dynamic Strength and Agility Determinants in Elite Basketball Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(5):1570–7.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a4e7f0
37. Serra-Prat M, Lorenzo I, Palomera E, Ramírez S, Yébenes JC. Total Body Water and Intracellular Water Relationships with Muscle Strength, Frailty and Functional Performance in an Elderly Population. A Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2019;23(1):96–101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1129-y
38. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, Rosano C, Faulkner K, Inzitari M, et al. Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50–8.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923
https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181b988f1
2. Morral-Yepes M, Moras G, Bishop C, Gonzalo-Skok O. Assessing the Reliability and Validity of Agility Testing in Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022;36(7): 2035–2049.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003753
3. Hammami M, Negra Y, Billaut F, Hermassi S, Shephard RJ, Chelly MS. Effects of lower-limb strength training on agility, repeated sprinting with changes of direction, leg peak power, and neuromuscular adaptations of soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018;32(1): 37–47.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001813
4. Pojskic H, Aslin E, Krolo A, Jukic I, Uljevic O, Spasic M, et al. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9: 506.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00506
5. Raya MA, Gailey RS, Gaunaurd IA, Jayne DM, Campbell SM, Gagne E, et al. Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. 2013;50(7):951–60.
https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2012.05.0096
6. Venckunas T, Mieziene B, Emeljanovas A. Aerobic Capacity Is Related to Multiple Other Aspects of Physical Fitness: A Study in a Large Sample of Lithuanian Schoolchildren. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9:1797.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01797
7. Rotman D, Idan A, Nice S, Arieli R, Constantini N. An association between the intensity of daily steps and weight reduction. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio Per Le Scienze Mediche. 2019;178(1-2):51–5.
https://doi.org/10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03692-0
8. Wong TKK, Ma AWW, Liu KPY, Chung LMY, Bae YH, Fong SSM, et al. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2019;98(2): e14134.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014134
9. Miftari F, Selimi M, Badau D, Kelmendi D. Identifying differences between basketball, handball and volleyball players in increasing explosive force and agility. Human Sport Medicine. 2021;21(2): 144–154.
https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm210218
10. Young W, Rogers N. Effects of small-sided game and change-of-direction training on reactive agility and change-of-direction speed. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2014;32(4):307–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.823230
11. Kutlu M, Yapici H, Yoncalik O, Celik S. Comparison of a New Test For Agility and Skill in Soccer With Other Agility Tests. J Hum Kinet. 2012;33:143–50.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0053-1
12. Muniroglu S, Subak E. A Modified T-Test for Football Referees to Test Agility, Quickness and Sprint Performances. Journal of Education and Training Studies. 2018;6(5):10-5.
https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i5.3131
13. Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Ermidis G, Barreira D, Rebelo A. The Arrowhead Agility Test: Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Practical Applications in Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020;34(2):483–94.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002987
14. Cahanin R, Esleck B, Hardy J, Bass B, Rogers T, Looney K. Development of the Butterfly Agility Test. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2021;52:38–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.004
15. Chaabene H, Negra Y, Capranica L, Bouguezzi R, Hachana Y, Rouahi MA, et al. Validity And Reliability Of A New Test Of Planned Agility In Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2018;32(9):2542–7.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002325
16. Patricio Ojeda-Aravena A, Azocar-Gallardo J, Hernandez-Mosqueira C, Hentra-Valenzuela T. Relationship between the specific agility test in taekwondo (tsat), explosive strength and 5-m linear speed in taekwondo athletes of both sexes. Retos-Nuevas Tendencias En Educacion Fisica Deporte Y Recreacion. 2021;(39): 84–88.
17. Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-Specific Influences of Balance, Speed, and Power on Agility Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(3): 802–811.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0
18. Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Calleja-González J, Arruda AFS, Guerriero A, Kobal R, et al. Differences in Change of Direction Speed and Deficit Between Male and Female National Rugby Sevens Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2021;35(11):3170–6.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003195
19. McFarland IT, Dawes JJ, Elder CL, Lockie RG. Relationship of Two Vertical Jumping Tests to Sprint and Change of Direction Speed among Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players. Sports. 2016;4(1):11.
https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4010011
20. Jukić J, Katić R, Blazević S. Impact of morphological and motor dimensions on success of young male and female karateka. Collegium Antropologicum. 2012;36(4): 1247–1255.
21. Sonesson S, Lindblom H, Hagglund M. Performance on sprint, agility and jump tests have moderate to strong correlations in youth football players but performance tests are weakly correlated to neuromuscular control tests. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy. 2021;29(5):1659–69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06302-z
22. Pereira LA, Nimphius S, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Turisco LAL, Orsi RC, et al. Relationship Between Change of Direction, Speed, and Power in Male and Female National Olympic Team Handball Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018;32(10):2987–94.
https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002494
23. Kramer TA, Sacko RS, Pfeifer CE, Gatens DR, Goins JM, Stodden DF. The Association Between The Functional Movement Screen (Tm), Y-balance Test, And Physical Performance Tests In Male And Female High School Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2019;14(6):911–9.
https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20190911
24. Stanish HI, Wood TM, Campagna P. Prediction of Performance on the RCMP Physical Ability Requirement Evaluation. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999;41(8):669-77.
25. Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Different change of direction tests assess different physical ability parameters: Principal component analysis of nine change of direction tests. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2021; 174795412110516.
https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211051676
26. Cortes-Lopez MD, Larrosa-Haro A, De-Celis-Carrillo RA. Relationship between Sucralose Consumption and Serum Concentration of Glycosylated Hemoglobin in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Complications. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science. 2018;6(2):415–26.
https://doi.org/10.5455/jrmds.20186264
27. Engin B, Kutlubay Z, Yardimci G, Vehid HE, Ambarcioglu P, Serdaroglu S, et al. Evaluation of body composition parameters in patients with psoriasis. International Journal of Dermatology. 2014;53(12):1468–73.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12171
28. Simonek J, Horicka P, Hianik J. Differences in pre-planned agility and reactive agility performance in sport games. Acta Gymnica. 2016;46(2):68–73.
https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2016.006
29. Bawiskar D, Phansopkar P. Efficacy of Agility Training in a Police Cadet: A Case Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(38A):281–7.
https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i38A32087
30. Jarvis S, Sullivan LO, Davies B, Wiltshire H, Baker JS. Interrelationships Between Measured Running Intensities and Agility Performance in Subelite Rugby Union Players. Research in Sports Medicine. 2009;17(4):217–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620903323892
31. Pohl D, Alpous A, Hamer S, Longmuir PE. Higher screen time, lower muscular endurance, and decreased agility limit the physical literacy of children with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019;90:260–5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.05.010
32. Dhapola MS, Verma B. Relationship of body mass index with agility and speed of university players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2017;4(2):313–5.
33. Thakur JS, Kerketta I, Meena TR. Relationship of agility and speed ability with selected anthropometric variables of male football players. International Journal of Physical Education and Sports. 2017;2(4):15–9.
34. Mayhew JL, Piper FC, Schwegler TM, Ball TE. Contributions of Speed, Agility and Body Composition to Anaerobic Power Measurement in College Football Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 1989;3(4):101–106.
35. Naylor J, Greig M. A hierarchical model of factors influencing a battery of agility tests. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2015;55(11):1329–35.
36. Chaouachi A, Brughelli M, Chamari K, Levin GT, Abdelkrim NB, Laurencelle L, et al. Lower Limb Maximal Dynamic Strength and Agility Determinants in Elite Basketball Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(5):1570–7.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a4e7f0
37. Serra-Prat M, Lorenzo I, Palomera E, Ramírez S, Yébenes JC. Total Body Water and Intracellular Water Relationships with Muscle Strength, Frailty and Functional Performance in an Elderly Population. A Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. 2019;23(1):96–101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1129-y
38. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, Rosano C, Faulkner K, Inzitari M, et al. Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50–8.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923
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2022-08-31
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Subak E, Kaya K, Viga Şaban O, Ocak MH, Ağaoğlu C, Bekiroğlu A. Association between body composition, physical activity level and Illinois agility test performance in young males and females. Physical Education of Students. 2022;26(4):180-7. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2022.0403
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