The impact of physical activity on students' happiness in the context of positive and negative motivation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2022.0205Keywords:
subjective well-being, positive, negative, affect, motivation, physical activityAbstract
Background and Study Aim. This study investigated whether the physical activity and the type of motivation among students inactive in professional sport can enhance their life satisfaction.Material and Methods. An experimental study was conducted with the participation of 164 students (not athletes) aged 24,52±4. In the experimental groups participants engaged in physical activity which they performed at their leisure 3 times a week for at least 30 minutes for 6 weeks. Additionally, the students were motivated to be active in a positive way (focus on benefits), in a negative way (focus on avoiding losses) or were not motivated at all. The experiment was based on a mixed group plan - with the initial and final measurement of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results. The results confirm that involvement in regular sport brings benefits in terms of improving psychological well-being. The type of motivation proved to determine the influence of the practiced sport on life satisfaction. Students who were negatively motivated achieved a positive change but in terms of the level of negative affect it was lower than in the other groups. On the other hand, positively motivated students achieved the greatest change in terms of positive and negative emotions. However, there was no increase in the level of subjective well-being in these subjects. The greatest psychological benefits of sports activity were achieved by the subjects who were focused only on being active without additional motivation. There were no changes in the analyzed variables in the control group.Conclusions. This data may contribute to promoting undertaking leisure activities that will actually increase life satisfaction of young adults.References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9781-6
30. Kim Y, Kasser T, Lee H. Self-concept, aspirations, and Weil-being in south Korea and the United States. J Soc Psychol. 2003;143(3):277–90.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598445
31. Schmuck P, Kasser T, Ryan RM. The relationship of well-being to intrinsic and extrinsic goals in Germany and the US. Soc Indic Res.2000;50(2):225–41.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007084005278
32. Brunes A, Augestad LB, Gudmundsdottir SL. Personality, physical activity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the HUNT study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 May;48(5):745–56.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0594-6
33. De Moor MH, Boomsma DI, Stubbe JH, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ. Testing causality in the association between regular exercise and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(8):897–905.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.09.002
34. McAuley E, Elavsky S, Motl RW, Konopack JF, Hu L, Marquez DX. Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: Longitudinal relationships in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(5):P268–75.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.5.p268
35. Wilson-Salandy S, Nies MA. The Effect of Physical Activity on the Stress Management, Interpersonal Relationships, and Alcohol Consumption of College Freshmen. SAGE Open. 2012 Oct 1;2(4):2158244012464975.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012464975
https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.1.64
2. Lyubomirsky S, Dickerhoof R, Boehm JK, Sheldon KM. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion. 2011;11(2):391–402.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022575
3. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Revisiting the sustainable happiness model and pie chart: can happiness be successfully pursued? J Posit Psychol.2021;16(2):145–54.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1689421
4. Diener E, Lucas RE, Oishi S. Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In: Snyder C, Lopez S, editors. Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. P. 63–73.
5. Lyubomirsky S, Layous K. How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2013;22(1):57–62.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809
6. Boehm JK, Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM. A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cogn Emot. 2011;25(7):1263–72.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.541227
7. Singh K, Jha SD. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol. 2008; (Special Issue)34:40–5.
8. Arent SM, Landers DM, Etnier JL. The effects of exercise on mood in older adults: A meta-analytic review. J Aging Phys Act. 2000;8(4):407–30.
https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.8.4.407
9. Hills P, Argyle M. Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personal Individ Differ. 1998;25(3):523–35.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297239001
10. Ryan RM, Deci EL. On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52(1):141–66.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
11. Ryan R, Deci E. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. Am Psychol.2000;55:68–78.
https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
12. Emmons RA. Abstract versus concrete goals: personal striving level, physical illness, and psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;62(2):292.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.62.2.292
13. Andreas C, Andreas S. Heart of the Mind: Engaging Your Inner Power to Change With Neuro-Linguistic Programming. Moab, Utah: Real People Press; 2018.
14. Maltz M. New psycho-cybernetics. Penguin Books; 2002.
15. Elliot AJ, McGregor HA. A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;80(3):501–19.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501
16. Elliot AJ, Sheldon KM. Avoidance personal goals and the personality–illness relationship. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;75(5):1282.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1282
17. Elliot AJ, Sheldon KM, Church MA. Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1997;23(9):915–27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297239001
18. Rand P, Lens W, Decock B. Negative Motivation is Half the Story: achievement motivation combines positive and negative motivation. Scand J Educ Res. 1991 Jan 1;35(1):13–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0031383910350102
19. Hauser L. Work motivation in organizational behavior. Econ Manag Financ Mark. 2014;9(4):239–46.
20. Lyubomirsky S. The how of happiness: A practical approach to getting the life you want. London: Piatkus; 2010.
21. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985 Feb 1;49(1):71–5.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
22. Brzozowski P, Watson DB, Clark LA. Skala uczuć pozytywnych i negatywnych SUPIN: polska adaptacja skali PANAS Davida Watsona i Lee Ann Clark [SUPIN Positive and Negative Feeling Scale: Polish adaptation of the PANAS scale by David Watson and Lee Ann Clark]. Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association; 2010. (In Polish).
23. Netz Y, Wu M-J, Becker BJ, Tenenbaum G. Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychol Aging. 2005;20(2):272.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272
24. Downward P, Rasciute S. Does sport make you happy? An analysis of the well-being derived from sports participation. Int Rev Appl Econ. 2011;25(3):331–48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2010.511168
25. Cha Y-J. Correlation between Leisure Activity Time and Life Satisfaction: Based on KOSTAT Time Use Survey Data. Occup Ther Int. 2018 Aug 9;2018:1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5154819
26. Stubbe JH, de Moor MHM, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC. The association between exercise participation and well-being: A co-twin study. Prev Med.2007 Feb 1;44(2):148–52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.09.002
27. Hassmen P, Koivula N, Uutela A. Physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in Finland. Prev Med. 2000;30(1):17–25.
https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0597
28. Nes RB, Røysamb E, Tambs K, Harris JR, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Subjective well-being: genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change. Psychol Med. 2006 Jul;36(7):1033–42.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706007409
29. Nes RB, Røysamb E. Happiness in behaviour genetics: An update on heritability and changeability. J Happiness Stud. 2017;18(5):1533–52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9781-6
30. Kim Y, Kasser T, Lee H. Self-concept, aspirations, and Weil-being in south Korea and the United States. J Soc Psychol. 2003;143(3):277–90.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598445
31. Schmuck P, Kasser T, Ryan RM. The relationship of well-being to intrinsic and extrinsic goals in Germany and the US. Soc Indic Res.2000;50(2):225–41.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007084005278
32. Brunes A, Augestad LB, Gudmundsdottir SL. Personality, physical activity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the HUNT study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 May;48(5):745–56.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0594-6
33. De Moor MH, Boomsma DI, Stubbe JH, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ. Testing causality in the association between regular exercise and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(8):897–905.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.09.002
34. McAuley E, Elavsky S, Motl RW, Konopack JF, Hu L, Marquez DX. Physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-esteem: Longitudinal relationships in older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005;60(5):P268–75.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.5.p268
35. Wilson-Salandy S, Nies MA. The Effect of Physical Activity on the Stress Management, Interpersonal Relationships, and Alcohol Consumption of College Freshmen. SAGE Open. 2012 Oct 1;2(4):2158244012464975.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012464975
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2022-04-30
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Blonska K. The impact of physical activity on students’ happiness in the context of positive and negative motivation. Physical Education of Students. 2022;26(2):89-97. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2022.0205
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