Effect of positive and negative dimensions of mental imagery and self-talk on learning of soccer kicking skill
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0603Keywords:
mental imagery, self-talk, acquisition, retention, transfer, soccerAbstract
Background and Study Aim. Mental imagery and self-talk are two important mental skills that are used for improvement of performance and learning of motor and sport skills. This study aimed to investigate the effect of positive/negative mental imagery and positive/negative self-talk on learning of soccer kicking skill. Material and Methods. Participants included 48 young soccer player students. Participants were soccer player students with mean age 18.44 and SD=.88 years. After selecting the sample and filling out the personal detail form, the imagery and self-talk instructions, the method of completing mental imagery questionnaire, Moore-Christine kick-skill test instructions, and principles of free kick at soccer were explained to participants. Then, the mental imagery test and kick-skill test were run in 4 blocks of 4 attempts and the results were recorded. Based on their pre-test scores, the participants were divided into 4 groups. The acquisition sessions were held for 3 weeks and 2 sessions per week, with 8 blocks of 4 trials (32 trials) per session. The data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA, mixed ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA tests at different learning stages (significance level= 0.05). Results. The results of data analysis showed that positive imagery and positive self-talk groups performed significantly better than negative imagery and negative self-talk groups. Also, due to the significance of interactive effect of imagery × training sessions, it was found that the positive imagery groups performed significantly better than negative imagery groups from the third session onwards. Conclusion. According to the results, it was recommended that trainers use this aspect of self-talk at early stages of training. Also, the positive imagery can be emphasized by increasing the training sessions in more skilled individual.Downloads
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References
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https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0308
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https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.3.257
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27. Lotfi Gh, Tahmasbi F, Hasanzadeh M. The effects of observational learning, imagery and their combination on instruction of soccer shoot skill. Teaching in Physical Education, 2012; 1(1):15–21.
28. Hall CR, Martin KA. Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1997; 21(1-2):143–154.
https://doi.org/10.1037/t07979-000
29. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. J Sport Behav, 2010; 33(1):109–127.
30. Ghorbani A, Ghotbi- Varzaneh A, Parhizgar Kohneoghaz J. Comparing of the effect PETTLEP mental imagery and physical practice on the acquisition and retention skill of dart throwing. Motor Behavior, 2013; 13:125–138.
31. Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Holt NL. The effects of an individualized imagery interventions on flow states and golf performance. Athletic Insight, 2005; 7(1):66–43.
32. Taylor JA, Shaw DF. The effects of outcome imagery on golf-putting performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2002; 20(8):607–613.
https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320183167
33. Pocock C, Dicks M, Thelwell RC, Chapman M, Barker JB. Using an Imagery Intervention to Train Visual Exploratory Activity in Elite Academy Football Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2019;31(2):218–234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395929
34. Mammasis G, Doganis G. The Effects of a mental training program on junior’s pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence and tennis performance. J Appl Sport Psychol, 2004; 16:118–137.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
35. Fathi A, Abdolahi MH, Sarami GR. The Relationship between negative mental imagery and executive functions in people with social anxiety disorders. J Cogn Psychol, 2016; 3(3-4):21–29.
36. Chang YK, Ho LA, Lu FJH, Ou CC, Tai FS, Gill DL. Self-talk and softball performance: The role of self-talk nature, motor task characteristics and self-efficacy in novice softball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014; 15(1):139–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.004
37. Lotfi Gh, Tahmasebi F, Rabavi A. The impact of instructional and motivational self-talk on cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and learning of soccer shoot skill in beginner players. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res, 2016a; 7(4);543–549.
38. Van Raalte JL, Vincent A, Brewer BW. Self-talk interventions for athletes: A theoretically grounded approach. J Sport Psychol Action, 2016; 1:1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2016.1233921
39. Kolovelonis A, Goudas M, Dermitzaki I. The effects of instructional and motivational self- talk on students, motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2011; (2):–.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.002
40. Chroni S, Perkos S, Theodorakis Y. Function and preferences of motivational and instructional self-talk for adolescent basketball players. Athletic insight, 2007; : –.
41. Ghorbanzadeh B. The Relationship between positive and negative self-talk with competitive anxiety and percentage of correct services during a Volleyball match. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016; 4(4):116–124.
https://doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2015.1100176
42. Lotfi Gh, Rabavi A, Jafarzadeh M. Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2016b; 6(2):1945–1952.
2. Vealey RS, Greenleaf CA. Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In JM. Williams (Ed.) Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (6th Ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education; 2010.
3. Anderson A. Learning strategies in physical education: Self-talk, imagery, and goal-setting. JOPERD, 1997; 68(1):30–35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1997.10604874
4. Zinsser N, Bunker LK, Williams JM. Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In JM. Williams (Ed.) Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance (6th Ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education; 2010.
5. Kolovelonis A, Goudas M, Dermitzaki I. The effects of self-talk and goal setting on self-regulation of learning a new motor skill in physical education. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol, 2012; 10(3):221–235.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.671592
6. Parvizi S. Effect of different combination of mental imagery and self-talk on performance and mood state of shooters. MA Thesis; Kurdestan University; 2010.
7. Hall CR. Imagery in sport and exercise. In: Singer, HA. Hausenblas, CM. Janelle (Eds.) Handbook of Sport Psychology (2nd Ed.). New York: Wiley; 2001.
8. Mattie P, Munroe-Chandler K. Examining the relationship between mental toughness and imagery use. J Appl Sport Psychol, 2012; 24(2):144–156.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.605422
9. Williams SE, Cooley SJ, Newell E, Weibull F, Cumming J. Seeing the difference: developing effective imagery scripts for athletes. J Sport Psychol Action, 2013; 4(2):109–121.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2013.781560
10. Cumming J, Williams SE. Introducing the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use for sport, dance, exercise, and rehabilitation. Movement & Sport Sciences, 2013; (4):69–81.
https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2013098
11. Afrouzeh M, Mohamadzadeh Jahatloo H, Edrisi Kolur M, Afrouzeh A. Effect of overt and covert motivational self-talk on performance and perceived exertion rate on wrestlers in progressive exhaustion exercise. Journal of Development and Motor Learning, 2014; 6 (2): 245–257.
https://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2014.50460
12. Szwarc A, Kromke C, Stuła A, Dolański B, Sitek M. Efficiency of one-on-one play situations of Polish football players and their opponents during European Championships in relation to the playing area, current result and match. Physical education of students. 2020;24(3):174–85.
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0308
13. Pop C, Zamfir M. Nonverbal communication of young players in team sports. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2020;24(1):26–9.
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0104
14. de Braek DI, Deckers K, Kleinhesselink T, Banning L, Ponds R. Working Memory Training in Professional Football Players: A Small-Scale Descriptive Feasibility StudyThe Importance of Personality, Psychological Well-Being, and Motivational Factors. Sports. 2019;7(4).
https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040089
15. Feddersen NB, Keis MAB, Elbe AM. Coaches' perceived pitfalls in delivering psychological skills training to high-level youth athletes in fencing and football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2020:174795412095952.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120959524
16. Chrysidis S, Turner MJ, Wood AG. The effects of REBT on irrational beliefs, self-determined motivation, and self-efficacy in American Football. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2020;38(19):2215–2224.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1776924
17. Ismail M, Ismail AN. The Effects of Practice in Mind (PIM) Training on Performance Strategies used by Professional University Football Players. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities. 2019;27(2):1357–1365.
18. Pekel A, Çimen K. Relationship between “self-efficiency“ competence levels and constant sportive self-respect levels of football players (Sample of Istanbul European Side). Physical education of students. 2017;21(5):200–4.
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0501
19. Nideffer RM. Test of attentional and interpersonal style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1976;34: 394–404.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.394
20. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. In: R. F. Baumeister (Ed.). The self in social psychology. Key readings in social psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis. 1999. P. 285–298.
21. Nideffer RM, Sagal MS, Lowry M, Bond J. Identifying and developing world class performers. In: Gershon Tenenbaum (Ed.). The practice of sport psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, 2001. P. 129–144.
22. Bandura A, Locke E. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003;88: 87–99.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.87
23. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. 1997.
24. Cumming J, Nordin SM, Horton R, Reynolds S. Examining the direction of imagery and self-talk on dart-throwing performance and self-efficacy. The Sport Psychologist, 2006; 20: 257–274.
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.3.257
25. Van Raalte JLV, Brewer BW, Lewis BP, Linder DE, Wildman G, Kozimor J. Cork! The effects of positive and negative self-talk on dart throwing performance. J Sport Behav, 1995; 18(1):50–57.
26. Dagrou E, Gauvin L, Halliwell W. The effects of positive, negative and neutral self-talk on motor performance. Can J Sport Scie, 1992; 17(2):145–147.
27. Lotfi Gh, Tahmasbi F, Hasanzadeh M. The effects of observational learning, imagery and their combination on instruction of soccer shoot skill. Teaching in Physical Education, 2012; 1(1):15–21.
28. Hall CR, Martin KA. Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1997; 21(1-2):143–154.
https://doi.org/10.1037/t07979-000
29. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. J Sport Behav, 2010; 33(1):109–127.
30. Ghorbani A, Ghotbi- Varzaneh A, Parhizgar Kohneoghaz J. Comparing of the effect PETTLEP mental imagery and physical practice on the acquisition and retention skill of dart throwing. Motor Behavior, 2013; 13:125–138.
31. Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Holt NL. The effects of an individualized imagery interventions on flow states and golf performance. Athletic Insight, 2005; 7(1):66–43.
32. Taylor JA, Shaw DF. The effects of outcome imagery on golf-putting performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2002; 20(8):607–613.
https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320183167
33. Pocock C, Dicks M, Thelwell RC, Chapman M, Barker JB. Using an Imagery Intervention to Train Visual Exploratory Activity in Elite Academy Football Players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2019;31(2):218–234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395929
34. Mammasis G, Doganis G. The Effects of a mental training program on junior’s pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence and tennis performance. J Appl Sport Psychol, 2004; 16:118–137.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
35. Fathi A, Abdolahi MH, Sarami GR. The Relationship between negative mental imagery and executive functions in people with social anxiety disorders. J Cogn Psychol, 2016; 3(3-4):21–29.
36. Chang YK, Ho LA, Lu FJH, Ou CC, Tai FS, Gill DL. Self-talk and softball performance: The role of self-talk nature, motor task characteristics and self-efficacy in novice softball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014; 15(1):139–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.004
37. Lotfi Gh, Tahmasebi F, Rabavi A. The impact of instructional and motivational self-talk on cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and learning of soccer shoot skill in beginner players. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res, 2016a; 7(4);543–549.
38. Van Raalte JL, Vincent A, Brewer BW. Self-talk interventions for athletes: A theoretically grounded approach. J Sport Psychol Action, 2016; 1:1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2016.1233921
39. Kolovelonis A, Goudas M, Dermitzaki I. The effects of instructional and motivational self- talk on students, motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2011; (2):–.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.002
40. Chroni S, Perkos S, Theodorakis Y. Function and preferences of motivational and instructional self-talk for adolescent basketball players. Athletic insight, 2007; : –.
41. Ghorbanzadeh B. The Relationship between positive and negative self-talk with competitive anxiety and percentage of correct services during a Volleyball match. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016; 4(4):116–124.
https://doi.org/10.22037/jrm.2015.1100176
42. Lotfi Gh, Rabavi A, Jafarzadeh M. Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2016b; 6(2):1945–1952.
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2020-12-30
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Lotfi G, Tahmasbi F, Forghani MH, Szwarc A. Effect of positive and negative dimensions of mental imagery and self-talk on learning of soccer kicking skill. Physical Education of Students. 2020;24(6):319-24. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0603
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