Motor skills and functional characteristics of students of different somatotypes

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to study correlation of motor and functional characteristics of students of different somatotypes. Material: it was examined first year students (n=577, 17-18 years old). All students were trained in discipline “Physical education”. It was carried out somatotyping. It was considered motor skills and functional characteristics of students. Results: it was determined the reliable differences in values of parameters of motor tests and functional characteristics of students’ organism. It is determined that by the end of the first year of study the positive dynamics is registered: in sthenics (in two of seven motor tests); in asthenics (in four tests). It wasn’t found the reliable positive changes in group of hypersthenics. Students of sthenic and asthenic somatotypes have higher functional reserves of cardiorespiratory system, than girls of hypersthenics somatotype. Conclusions: constitutional features of motor skills and functional parameters of students of different somatotypes allow to concretize provisions of methodology of planning the individual differentiated training in discipline Physical education.

Introduction 1  The somatotype is relative (conditional) genetic marker which defines somatic and physical health of the person.The somatotype is criterion of health of the specific person [1,2] and population in general [3].It is impossible to consider features of morphofunctional condition of organism without its constitutional features [4].
The works concerning communication of somatotype with motor characteristics of person are of interest.It was noted the higher rates of physical fitness of representatives of macrosomic somatotype in group of children of the second childhood (engaged in circus art) in comparison with schoolgirls of the same somatotype (engaged in physical education at school) [5].It was widely used the constitutional typology in fitness programs for correction of person's somatotype [6,7] and rational organization of aerobics' group trainings of fertile age women [8][9][10].
Nowadays physical education trainings at school mean 14 types of motor loads.Such loads consider somatotype of school pupils.Somatotype defines significant amount of specific features of demonstration and dynamics the morphofunctional parameters [11].
Students with macrosomic somatotype relate to category of persons with low functional reserve of cardiovascular system.On the contrary, representatives of microsomic type have high functionality of this system.Features of morphofunctional condition of students' organism of different somatotypes should be considered during development of educational process creation algorithm in physical training [12].
Study of questions of somatotype's correlation has distinctive functional characteristics.It is the important direction of researches in the field of physical education with development of person's motor skills [4,13].It allows to reveal weaknesses of the physical and functional skills of pupils, to make correction into training programs of physical education [14].Negative characteristics of somatic and physical health parameters of Russian students sped up the research directed to study of integration of physical education and sport with constitutional typology [15][16][17].Such methodological approach to physical education of youth is relevant and actual nowadays [18].
Hypothesis.Authors assume that received data concerning features of motor skills and functional characteristics' demonstration of organism of representatives of different somatotypes will promote development of individual and motor educational approaches in physical education classes.
The purpose of the research is to study correlation of motor and functional characteristics of higher education institution's students of different somatotypes.

Material and methods.
Participants.It was examined first year students (n=577, age of 17-18 years) of Irkutsk National Research Technical University.All students belongs to main medical group according to health reasons (have no deviations in state of health).All students attended classes in discipline "Physical education".Participation in research does not violate rights and does not endanger students' wellbeing.The research is conducted according to ethical standards of committee on the rights of experiments of Helsinki declaration of 2008 [19].
Organization of research.At the beginning and the end of academic year was carried out pedagogical monitoring of parameters of motor tests in students of Kolokoltsev M.M. 1ABCDE , Iermakov S.S. 2ABCDE , Prusik K. 2ADE  PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS different somatotypes.Somatotyping of students was carried out according to scheme of M.V. Chernorutsky with calculation of Pinie index value according to the formula: where L -is full length standing body (cm), P -is body weight (kg), T -is chest circumference on exhalation (cm).
At index value <10 somatotype was evaluated as hypersthenic, in the range of index from 10 to 30 -is sthenic (N) and > 30 -is asthenic (A) [20].
For the characteristic of correlation of somatotypes with functional parameters were measured: − heart rate before load (HR, beats / 10 sec); − heart rate after 20 squats per 30 sec (HR, beats / 10 sec); − time of HR recovery (min) after 20 squats; − systolic blood pressure (BPS), mm Hg; − diastolic blood pressure (BPD), mm Hg.; − vital lung capacity (VLC, l); − dynamometry of wrists of both hands (kg).It was calculated: − Robinson index (IRob = HRхBPS: 100 relative units), − vital index (VI= VLC/BM, ml/kg), where BM -(body mass), − strenght index (SI = is muscular strength of wrist / BMx100%).The main motor skills of students were evaluated.Tests were used: on high-speed endurance and agility (10 times shuttle run x 5 m, sec); speed (20 m run without a pause, sec); high-speed and strength endurance of flexors of the body (set-up, times per 30 sec); strength and strength endurance of girdle of superior extremity muscles (hang on horizontal bar, sec); dynamic muscular strength of appendicular muscles (standing long-jump, cm); active flexibility of backbone and hip joints (sit and reach, cm); general endurance (5 min run, m) [21].
Statistical analysis.Application programs "StatSoft Statistica 6.1", "Microsoft Excel" and the author's program complex "Analysis of Data of Physical Health of Population" (state registration program №2010612275, of 26.03.2010) were used for calculation of received data.Arithmetic mean value of parameters (M), mean-square deviation (s) and standard mistake (m) were calculated.Evaluation of differences reliability of distinctions of average values of independent sample was carried out by parametrical methods with the help of Student's t-test on the basis of normal Gaussian distribution of the studied quantitative characteristic.Differences between values of parameters at level р<0,05 considered statistically significant.

Results.
The sthenic (S) somatotype in examined girls was registered in 64,7%.Girls of hypersthenic (H) and asthenic (A) somatotypes meet less often (9,9% and 25,4% respectively).The characteristic of motor skills in representatives of different somatotypes is presented in table 1.
There are differences between values of parameters of motor tests of girls of different somatotypes.Representatives of sthenic and asthenic somatotypes have higher rates in comparison with hypersthenic girls (р<0,05) in the following tests: strength and strength endurance of muscles of girdle of superior extremity; high-speed and strength endurance of muscles of flexors of the body; dynamic muscular strength of girdle of inferior extremity; flexibility and general endurance.The best results are registered in asthenic (р<0,05) in motor tests: strength and strength endurance of muscles of girdle of superior extremity; high-speed and power endurance of muscles of flexors of the body; dynamic muscular strength of girdle of inferior extremity and flexibility.
Table 1 demonstrates that to the end of training positive dynamics is registered: in sthenic -in two of seven tests (20 m run without a pause and 5 min run); in asthenic -in four tests (20 m run without a pause, hang, In students with sthenic and asthenic somatotypes of key parameters' value (BP systolic, HR at rest per 10 sec; time of HR recovery after 20 squats per 30 sec) is less, than values of the same parameters in hypersthenics (р<0,05).Robinson index in sthenics and asthenics is lower in comparison with hypersthenics.There are no reliable differences of BPD in girls of different somatotypes.
The lowest values of VLC parameters and muscular strength of wrists of both hands is registered in girls of sthenic and asthenic somatotypes.These girls have the highest values of VI and SI parameters (tab.2).

Discussion
The physical education is effective mean of person's health maintenance and promotion at any age.Hypokinesia and hypodynamia of the studied youth [22] is followed by underdevelopment of motor skills, health deterioration [23,24] and work of functional systems of organism [25,26].It is relevant to search new approaches to increase in efficiency of physical education trainings in higher education institutions on this background [12,27,28].
Some authors suggest to determine somatotypes, i.e. to differentiate them according to extent of development of the total sizes of body: individuals with small body sizes are microsomatics (asthenics); macrosomatics (hypersthenics) are individuals with big sizes.Average position is held by mesosomatics (sthenics) [29].The analysis of scientific and methodical literature shows that orientation of certain motor skills development of the person has to be based on somatotypes [17,30,31].
Our researches demonstrate that girls of sthenic and asthenic somatotypes have advantage over hypersthenics in such motor skills as: strength and strength endurance of muscles of girdle of superior extremity; high-speed and strength endurance of muscles of flexors of the body (fig.1); dynamic muscular strength of girdle of inferior extremity; general endurance (fig.2).It is confirmed by reliable values of parameters in the corresponding motor tests in students of sthenic and asthenic somatotypes in comparison with hypersthenics.R.N. Dorokhov's methodology [32,33] was used in our previous researches.Results demonstrated that students of mesosomatic and microsomatic somatotypes had better developed endurance, high-speed, strength and coordination skills.The somatotyping methodology of M.V. Chernorutsky was used in the given research.Results confirm earlier received data concerning correlation of motor and the morphofunctional parameters of person's somatotype.
There are researches about genotypic features of girls of different somatotypes to perception of physical loads [34].The level of development of the main physical Women of the second mature age (microsomatic type) have higher rates of vital index, general endurance, speed and coordination, low level of absolute strength's development [37].It is correlated with received data.
In the end of pedagogical monitoring we have registered positive dynamics of parameters values in sthenics in two of seven motor tests.The increase in values of parameters in 20 m run without a pause was 22,0%, in 5 min run was 5,5%.Asthenics have increase in values of parameters in four tests -20 m run without a pause was 24,5%, in hang -was 21,1%, in set-up was 12,3%, in 5 min run was 7,2%.In group of hypersthenics   It is known that the functional systems of organism considerably provide performance of person's physical activity [38].It is determined that reserves of cardiovascular system are higher in sthenics and asthenics in comparison with hypersthenics.Asthenics and sthenics have less HR at rest (per 10 sec) and time of HR recovery (after 20 squats per 30 sec), than hypersthenics (р<0,05).Robinson index was 5,7% lower in sthenics and 9,1% lower in asthenics in comparison with hypersthenics.Our data confirm results of researches [12,37] concerning parameters' of reserve opportunities values of women cardiorespiratory system considerably depend on somatotype.
Girls of microsomatic type have low parameters' values of body length and weight, chest circumference.These girls have higher functionality of organism, in comparison with girls of macrosomic somatotype with higher rates of physical development [12].
High values of Robinson index and minute volume of blood circulation testify to heavy load on cardiovascular system of students of hypersthenic somatotype [39].
According to our data value of vital (fig.3) and strength indexes of students' right hand wrist (fig.4) have dynamics to increase from hypersthenic to asthenic somatotype.
Study of 7-16 years old schoolgirls testified that girls of macrosomic somatotype had higher level of absolute vital capacity of lungs.Girls of microsomatic type had low level of absolute vital capacity of lungs.However the vital index was authentically high in girls of microsomic somatotype [34].These data is correlated with results of our researches concerning absolute and relative vital capacity of students' lungs.Low level of relative values of vital capacity of lungs leads to underdevelopment of aerobic endurance of girls.Low level of the strength index parameter characterizes underdevelopment of muscular system of girls.It is necessary to use the differentiated approach in development of endurance and strength in students of hypersthenic somatotype at physical education classes.Also girls need to perform regular independent physical exercises in extracurricular time.Such loads should to be coordinated with teachers.
The research allow to correct pedagogical process of the individual differentiated physical training of students with use of constitutional typology.Results of our researches and data of other authors allow to make the following recommendations: 1) it is necessary to use sport and game technologies, endurance exercises, swimming, slow long run, fitness aerobics, breathing exercises planning educational process on physical training for girls of hypersthenic somatotype; 2) girls of asthenic somatotype should to pay more attention to speed development as physical quality.

Conclusions
1. Students of 17-18 years old of three somatotypes (asthenic, sthenic, hypersthenic) have distinctive parameters of motor skills and reliable difference (р< 0,05) in a number of functional characteristics of respiratory, cardiovascular and muscular systems of the body.
2. The received data concerning constitutional features of motor skills and functional body characteristics of students of different somatotypes allow to concretize provisions of methodology of planning of individually differentiated training in discipline "Physical education" at higher education institution.

Conflict of interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. The characteristic of dynamic force of girdle of inferior extremity and general endurance in students of different somatotypes: H -hypersthenics; S -sthenics; A -asthenics; J -long jump from the spot, cm; R -5 min run, m.

Table 1 .
Dynamics of parameters in motor tests in girl-students of different somatotypes (M±m) -ups, 5 min run).In group of hypersthenics there are no reliable positive changes in any motor tests.Features of the characteristic of functional parameters in representatives of different somatotypes are given in *-statistically significant differences between somatotypes (р < 0,05); **-statistically significant differences between examinations (р< 0,05); Somatotypes: H -hypersthenic; S -sthenic; A -asthenic.sit