Dynamic of arm’s micro movements of elite athlete in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol

Purpose: to scientifically substantiate the method of contactless determination of athlete hand’s movements in Olympic exercises with pistol. Material: in the research we used the data of 37 elite athletes in exercise Air Pistol (n=32) and in exercise Rapid Fire Pistol (n=5). Registration of pistol projection’s quickness of movement in target area was realized with the help of computer system Scatt. In total we analyzed 3100 space-time parameters of athletes’ technical-tactic actions in finalizing phase of shooting cycle. Results: we tested innovative method of contactless measuring of athlete’s hand’s micro movements in finalizing phase of shooting cycle. We found uncontrolled deviations from optimal pistol pointing position in vertical, horizontal and sagittal planes. Quickness of athlete hand’s movements in shooting process was determined. Conclusions: we scientifically substantiated the method of contactless determination of athlete hand’s movements at a distance in Olympic exercises with pistol. Besides, we determined the dynamic of athlete’s hand micro movements in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol та Air Pistol.


Introduction
Sport rivalry is constantly increasing on international arena, in particular at Olympic Games in exercises Rapid Fire Pistol (pistol target shooting for quickness from 25 meters distance) and Air Pistol (air pistol shooting from distance 10 meters). Accordingly demand in scientific improvement of scientific methodic provisioning of athletes' training for official international competitions is also increasing. Due to own specific features sport shooting endures great demand in control devices with objective registration of space characteristics. Elite athletes especially need to control all complex structure of shooting technique, in order to find reserves for its elements' improvement. In the base of shooting technique's improvement (for different kinds of arm) there are qualitative and quantitative changes of its micro-structure characteristics. The main reason of problems in motor technique is the fact that coaches (and athletes also) has deficiency of objective assessments of skillfulness and control over its perfection [9].
Alongside with it, the problem of registration and analysis of athlete hand's micro movements has been studied insufficiently. In particular, uncontrolled changes of optimal position in sagittal plane have not been studied. However, statistically confident data about movements on axis Z are the necessary component, which is absent in scientific-methodic provisioning of athletes' training. The known methods can not be applied in competition conditions, where accurate data are especially important.
So, the problem of contactless remote registration of athlete hand's micro movements in pistol shooting process in Olympic exercises has become rather relevant.
In the field of sports there are prolonged researches of Olympic and professional sports problems [24][25][26][27][28][29] as well as the questions of athletes-shooters' trainings perfection. For example, the main conditions of accurate rifle pointing were studied by N.A. Kalinichenko [4]; light filters in diopter sights were offered. A.M. Kovalchuk worked out the system of professional-shooting training optimization for officers of Home Affairs' of Ukraine units [5]. The problems of shooters' technical-tactic training in applied sport exercises were researched by S.M. Banakh [1]. I.P. Zanevskiy and Yu.S. Korostyliova fulfilled a number of important studies on air pistol shooting within system "Shooter -Weapon" [3,6]. But determination of spacetime parameters in system "Shooter-Weapon-Target" requires additional studies [7][8][9][10][11].
It should be noted that as on the present moment in the field of sports changes of movements' coordinates by axes X and Y have been studied: on the base of sport simulators in volleyball, swimming and other kinds of sports [2,[15][16][17][18]. It is the fact that technologies' progress in sports accelerates [19][20][21][22][23]. And it means that new methods of data obtaining and processing shall be improved on the base of computerization [30][31][32].
At the same time we have not found any works about statistically confident parameters of athlete's micro movements by axis Z in exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol.
Considering modern technological achievements we assumed that computer technologies will make possible to simulate contactless measuring of athlete's hand micro movements in pistol exercises. Practical value of such researches implies perfection of scientific-methodic provisioning of athletes' training [12][13][14].
The purpose of the work is to scientifically substantiate the method of contactless determination of athlete hand's movements by axis X, Y and Z and micro movements dynamic in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol.

Material and methods
Participants: in the research we used the data of 37 elite athletes: international masters of sports in exercise Air Pistol (n=32, including 8 member of initial staff of Combined team of Ukraine in bullet shooting); in exercise Rapid Fire Pistol (n=5, 2 of them -Champions of Olympic Games and 1 -winner and 2 -prize winners of World Cup).
Organization of the research: electronic-optical registration of pistol's projection quickness in the area of target during shooting was realized with the help of computer system Scatt [10]. In total we analyzed 3100 space-time parameters of athletes' technical-tactic actions in finalizing phase of shooting cycle.
Statistical analysis: the materials were statistically processed with the help of Microsoft Excel 2010 software.
In the process of the research we had to solve the following tasks: − Testing of contactless registration model for spacetime parameters of athlete hand's micro movements by axes X, Y and Z; − Find out the presence or absence of changes of athlete hand's coordinated by sagittal axis Z in the process of pointing; − Determine the dynamic of athletes-shooters hands' micro movements in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol; − Offer the method of remote express analysis, diagnostic and correction of athlete's pre-start readiness at official international competitions; − Work out practical recommendations.

Results
We tested the model of contactless registration of athlete hand's movements in the process of Olympic pistol exercises' fulfillment. The model is called СЕА16 (Сontactless Еlectronic Аnalysis). Its distinctive feature is that it simultaneously registers micro movements by axes XYZ in exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol on the base of contactless sensors [26], (see fig. 1).
The device is characterized by high accuracy and frequency of pictures. Besides, it provides reports about discrete positions and movements. Controller uses optical sensors and infra-red light. New interactive model СЕА16 permits to measure physical values in the following units: distance -millimeters; time -micro-seconds; velocitymm/sec; angle of view -radian.
In СЕА16 software internal model of human hand is used. The model prognosticates tracing, even if a part of hand is not visible. The model always ensures positions for five fingers. Tracing is optimal, when a contour of hand and fingers is clearly visible. СЕА16 analyzes visible parts of hand and its internal models. The system analyzes results of previous tracings for calculation of the most probable positions of the parts, which are not visible at the given moment. Super sensitive sensors of model СЕА16 movements' controller can identify different human micro movements with preciseness 0.001 mm. СЕА16 visual analyzer identifies and traces hand and fingers (see fig. 2).
With the help of СЕА16 it is possible to measure micro movements of two athletes simultaneously, for expresscomparison their potentials. Though we recommend keeping not more than two objects in the area of controller sensors' action for optimal quality of micro movements' tracing.
On the base of СЕА16 model (рис. 2) we tested the method of contactless remote measurement of athlete hand's micro movement space-time parameters in the process of Olympic exercises' fulfillment. Earlier such data were unknown in theory and practice and not mentioned in scientific literature. The method implies visualization of athlete hand's micro-movements in the process of pressing trigger. The offered name of the method of micro-movements' measurement in the process of pressing trigger is Micro Movements of Sportsman (MMS).  fig. 3).
As a result of this fact, velocity of athlete hand's movements in finalizing phase of pressing trigger is a variable value (see fig. 3), that conditions significant influence on efficiency of exercises' fulfillment.
The confidence of results is proved by accuracy of computer analysis of the received data.
So, in the present work we supplied theoretical generalization and new solution of technical-tactic parameters' express-registration in finalizing phase of pressing trigger. It permits to objectively determine an athlete's condition and its correcting, especially in competitions. The problem has been solved with the help of MMS method. Thus, for the first time, scientific substantiation of micro movements' computer registration has been realized for Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol in sagittal plane (3D) with the help of model СЕА16.

Fig. 2. Visual analyzer of micro movements in interactive model СЕА16:
1 -athlete's index finger; 2 -area of "aiming"; 3 -trajectory of athlete hand's moving in the process of pointing; 4 -coordinates of athlete's hand by axis X in the moment of registration; 5 -coordinates of athlete's hand by axis Y in the moment of registration; 6 -coordinates of athlete's hand by axis Z in the moment of registration; 7 -velocity of athlete hand's moving at the moment of registration.

Discussion
Comparing with technologies of Scatt system [10] СЕА16 model ensures athletes' training by more informative interface through ordinary USB port. The system registers movements with the help of remote analysis of gestures. It is difficult to imagine the progress of scientific-methodic provisioning of elite sportsmenshooters without СЕА16 technology of gestures' identification. Our results expand significantly the data of other studies [3,4,5].
The prospects of other findings in this direction imply addition of new systems to controller of model СЕА16. Practical recommendations: for registration space-time parameters direct indicators of model СЕА16 to exchange buffer (pressing key PrtSc) and insert it in addition (Paint, Writer, pressing key Shift+Insert). In the process of the model's adjustment it is necessary to see device in action without touching keyboard, mouse or screen.
The next important moment is determination of the most convenient height of tracking, which is to be adjusted in options. In our testing the most convenient was standard value -20 cm. If to work in sitting position (like in exercises of Para-Olympic sportsmen) it is necessary to reduce the height a little or use automatic tracking.
Concerning working out devices for children-junior sport schools, in model СЕА16 program language Unity 3D is suitable. The model's controller permits to control computer with the help of hands' gestures in space. Now, interaction with computer in Windows 10 is possible, with realization of full spectrum of opportunities (complete support of multi-touch gestures).
It should be reminded that sensitivity level of СЕА16 controller permits to trace even fine movements of fingers that expand its opportunities. The model itself has not big size.
Connection to computer is through USB interface. With it, accuracy of micro movements' tracing reaches 1/100 mm. Besides, it is possible to adjust this system Notes: X, mm -horizontal deviations of athlete's hand; Y, mm -vertical deviations; Z, mm -deviations in sagittal plane; S, mm/sec-velocity of athlete hand's moving at the moment of registration. for individual gestures and sensitivity parameters to meet own technical-tactic actions.
Thus, scientific information about dynamic of athlete's micro movements in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol has been developed.

Conclusions
In the present work we have solved the problem of contactless remote registration of athlete hand's micro movements in the process of pistol shooting in fulfillment Olympic exercises.
The problem has been solved with the help of innovative remote method of computer express-analysis of hand's coordinate changes by vertical, horizontal and sagittal axes simultaneously. Earlier it was impossible in practice and such information is not mentioned in scientific literature.
We have tested innovative model of contactless registration of athlete hand's movements in the process of Olympic pistol exercises' fulfillment.

Conflict of interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.