Morphofunctional characteristics of single combats athletes as factors of success

265 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Morphofunctional characteristics of single combats athletes as factors of success Olha O. Podrihalo1ABCDE, Leonid V. Podrigalo1,2ABCDE, Wladyslaw Jagiello3BCDE, Olexandr V. Podavalenko1ADE, Irina P. Masliak1DE, Yuri M. Tropin1BDE, Margarita A. Mameshina1DE, Volodymyr О. Galimskyi4BDE, Inna І. Galimska4BDE 1Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkiv, Ukraine 2V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine 3Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland 4Flight Academy National Aviation University, Kropivnitsky, Ukraine


Introduction
The effectiveness of sports activity is predicted on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the athlete's characteristics. An important place among them is taken by the state of health, somatotype, level of physical qualities. Analysis of anthropometric status and physique is considered the basis for achieving success in a particular sport [1].
Body shape and morphology are the leading factors in sports performance. The study of anthropometric indicators and somatotype is used to assess and analyse the state of a certain population and possible trends in growth and development over a certain period of time [2]. These indicators are used in sports science to study various aspects of the impact of exercise on athletic performance. This line of research allows us to identify promising athletes in many sports [3]. Other studies have confirmed the importance of anthropometric indicators and body proportions for the growth of skill in various sports [4,5]. Dopsaj еt аl. [6] studied the body composition of elite martial arts athletes. It was concluded that the body composition of athletes is one of the main predictors of success. The authors have developed a model of body structure, reflecting the specifics of the type of martial arts.
The analysis of biometric data of single combats athletes allows to highlight the peculiarities of the somatotype [7]. These data are the basis for prediction. The authors note that the specific anthropometric profile of an athlete is the basis for predicting success in sports. Features of physical development and constitution of freestyle wrestlers were evaluated in other studies [8].
The authors have established the characteristic features of the somatotype. It is noted that the brachymorphic body type prevails in wrestlers. This is assessed as a success factor. The somatotype is one of the elements that distinguish athletes from people who do not go in for sports systematically [9]. The importance of studying the somatotype of martial arts athletes using various methods is emphasized. This allows you to make a forecast and assess the effectiveness of training athletes. The effectiveness of the forecast depends on the tests and indicators used. These tests should reflect the specifics of the sport [10].
The increase in success in martial arts depends on the optimal body composition, the development of muscle strength, flexibility, anaerobic and aerobic potential [11]. The authors propose strategies for training athletes based on monitoring body weight.
Features of physical development determine the style of conducting a duel in single combats [12]. The authors have established the relationship between the style of fighting, the functional asymmetry of the brain in elite Greco-Roman wrestling athletes. They are rated as an important predictor of success. Casals еt аl. [13] determined anthropometric indicators that predict the effectiveness of special tests in judo. Regression models were built based on the results obtained. An increase in muscle and bone mass, and less severity of ectomorphia were associated with better performance of athletes in a special fitness test.
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the morphofunctional characteristics of athletes of various types of martial arts as factors of success.

Participants
The study participated students involved in martial arts (n = 29; age -17.53±0.15 years). The level of sportsmanship ranged from athletes with little training experience to experienced athletes with long training experience. There were no differences between the groups in terms of skill level. The participants were divided into 2 groups depending on the type of martial arts. Group 1 includes athletes (n = 12) wrestling (judo, sambo, Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling). The average age of the athletes in this group was (18.58 ± 0.38) years. Group 2 includes athletes (n = 17) percussion martial arts [karate, taekwondo (GTF), taekwondo (WTF)]. The average age of the athletes in this group was (18.12 ± 0.26) years. Differences in age between the groups are insignificant (p> 0.05).

Research Design
The study design involved the determination of 46 morphofunctional indicators. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the international unified method of anthropometric research [14]. The study determined: body length and weight; chest circumference in a pause, on inhalation and exhalation; the length and circumference of the segments of the upper and lower extremities; wrist dynamometry. A goniometric study of the range of motion in the joints of the upper extremities was carried out. An IGaging® electronic goniometer (China) was used. The study determined the following: adduction, abduction, flexion and extension in the wrist joints; flexion and extension in the elbow joints; adduction, abduction, flexion and extension in the shoulder joints.
The maximum grip frequency (MX) in the pulsed mode was determined using an electronic device "Kepai" (China). The research methodology assumed considering the maximum number of device compressions in 10 seconds. One compression was equivalent to 10 kg.
This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee for Clinical Research and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave their written consent to research (protocol of the Commission on Bioethics of the Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture No. 35/09-10) and were informed about the purpose and test procedures and about the possibility of withdrawal of consent at any time for any reason.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using licensed Excel spreadsheet packages. To characterize the data, the median was determined: the first (25%) and third (75%) quartiles. Differences between groups were assessed using nonparametric criteria of Wilkinson-Mann-Whitney (U) and Rosenbaum (Q).

Results
The results obtained are shown in tables 1, 2. The presented results confirm the differences in morphological parameters. The wrestlers had a greater interquartile range in comparison with athletes of percussion single combats in a number of indicators. These include: body weight; chest circumference in a pause, on inhalation and exhalation; hand dynamometry of the right and left hands; maximum grip frequency in pulse mode with the left hand; shoulder width. Differences in the values of the wrist dynamometry were also confirmed using Rosenbaum index. For the right hand, Q = 7, for the left -Q = 9, p <0.05.
The perimeters of the limb segments (circumference of the shoulder, forearm, thigh and lower leg) were also characterized by a large interquartile range in wrestlers. Differences in the circumference of the right shoulder, right forearm and left shoulder were confirmed using Wilkinson-Mann-Whitney index (respectively, U=47, U=49, U=44, p<0.05). The group of athletes of percussion martial arts was characterized by large values of the longitudinal dimensions of the limb segments -the length of the lower leg.
The results of determining the range of motion in the Note: * -differences are significant (p <0.05) joints of the hands are shown in Table 2.
The results of goniometric indicators also confirm the differences in the interquartile range of athletes in different types of martial arts. This indicator in wrestlers was higher for abduction and adduction in the right wrist joint, abduction in the left wrist joint. Percussion athletes were characterized by a greater interquartile range for extension of the left wrist joint, flexion of the right elbow joint, extension and abduction of the right shoulder joint. The magnitude of flexion of the right elbow joint was also greater according to Rosenbaum criterion (Q = 9, p <0.05).

Discussion
Physical development, somatotype and physical performance are the most significant factors of success in martial arts according to the available literature data. However, the features of development, which are predictors of success in specific types of martial arts, have not been definitively established. This led to the relevance of this study. The choice of indicators for the study was determined based on the specificity of sports. Conducting techniques and strikes by athletes necessitates the development of muscular strength of the limbs and an increase in the range of motion in the joints. Therefore, the most adequate research tool is anthropometric and goniometric indicators.
The correctness of this assumption is supported by the available data. Rossi [15] emphasizes the importance of controlling anthropometric parameters in martial arts. It is concluded that this is the most objective and effective criterion for assessing the preparation of athletes for competitions. Nichas et al. [16] note that anthropometric features are an important factor in karate success. The authors conducted an extensive kinanthropometric study of South African athletes. The positive relationship between the level of skill and the studied indicators was confirmed. Similar results were obtained by Gorski and Orysiak [17]. The authors found that the force of kicks of taekwondo athletes correlated with muscle mass and lean body mass. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider the anthropometric characteristics of athletes when assessing the level of skill.
The research design used by us (comparison of the characteristics of athletes of various types of martial arts) is widely used in sports science. A similar design option is used in the work of Apriantono et al. [18]. This analysis allows us to assess the specificity of the influence of the sport on the body of athletes. It also allows you to highlight the indicators and features that are most important for success.
The use of quartiles for data analysis is quite common in sports science. Small samples of athletes determine the nonparametric distribution of trait values. Determination of the quartile interval in this context allows one to adequately assess the differences. Korobeynikov еt аl. [19] confirmed the validity of this approach when analysing the functional state of kickboxers.
Shariat et al. [20] conducted a comparative analysis of the kinanthropometric characteristics of judo, karate and taekwondo athletes. It was found that judo athletes were characterized by a higher percentage of body fat, a greater amount of skin and fat folds and a lower amount of lean mass. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider the body composition of athletes in the selection and prediction of the growth of skill.
The established increase in body weight among wrestlers reflects the specificity of the sport. The effectiveness of the techniques depends on the technical and physical components of the training of athletes. The last component is largely due to body weight. In addition, training in wrestling is based on increasing muscle mass. It also makes body weight more important for success. The smaller value of body weight among representatives of percussion martial arts, in our opinion, illustrates the peculiarities of conducting a duel. The need to constantly move leads to additional energy costs. Less body weight reduces these costs. Jaksic et al. give similar results [21]. The authors studied the influence of martial arts training on the morphofunctional state of athletes. An increase in the main parameters of physical development (body weight, chest circumference), an improvement in strength indicators were confirmed.
Body weight is the most frequently used anthropometric indicator as a criterion for the effectiveness of training. Its dynamics allows predicting the growth of sportsmanship. In the work of Gaamouri et al. [22] control of body weight and somatotype components was used to assess the effectiveness of the use of dietary supplements. A similar approach was used by Martinelli et al. [23] to assess the status of taekwondo athletes in the pre-competition period and during post-competition recovery. Similar results are given by dos Santos et al. [24]. The use of the main anthropometric indicators (body length and weight, limb circumferences) and the characteristics of the somatotype made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the enriched diet of Jiu-Jitsu athletes. Villarroel еt аl. [25] analyzed the state of Jiu-Jitsu athletes. The length and weight of the body, indicators of the level of fat are the most informative indicators in monitoring the functional state of athletes.
Bugaevsky et al. [26] note the importance of studying the somatotypes of athletes to improve the quality of training in single combats. The results of such a study of female sambo athletes are proposed to be used for the development and planning of training-competitive algorithms.
An increase in the interquartile range in wrestlers for all indicators of chest circumference indicates a greater adaptive potential. These data confirm the available results. Tumanian and Martirosov [27] made a similar conclusion when analyzing the features of the physique of Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers.
The specificity of the sport illustrates the increase in the intervals of hand strength indicators in static and impulse modes. Success in wrestling largely depends on a quick and high-quality grip. Such a grip allows the reception to be carried out successfully and effectively. These capabilities reflect wrist dynamometry and maximum grip 269 frequency. The results obtained allow us to consider the high level of wrist dynamometry and the maximum grip frequency as factors of success in wrestling.
Tests based on frequency characteristics of movements are widely used in martial arts. Ojeda-Aravena еt аl. [28] studied the relationship between body composition characteristics and physical performance in taekwondo athletes. Determination of the frequency of strikes was used as a functional test. Correlation of the test results with the level of muscle mass was confirmed.
The increase in shoulder width in wrestlers reflects the increased development of the muscles of the shoulder girdle. It is also a factor in the success of most of the throws. The large size of the circumferences of the right and left shoulder and forearm in wrestlers illustrates a higher level of development of the muscles of the limbs. This is necessary for high-quality grip and receptions.
Representatives of percussion single combats were characterized by large values of the interquartile range of the shin lengths. In our opinion, this also reflects the specifics of the sport. In these martial arts, success is determined by effective striking. As you know, the most powerful blows are delivered by feet. An increase in the length of the lower leg changes the biomechanical features of the movements when such strikes are delivered, increases their effectiveness, and allows strikes to be made at a greater distance.
The increase in the range of motion in the elbow joints in athletes of percussion martial arts illustrates the trajectory of movement of the hands when striking. That is, this quality increases the likelihood of success in percussion martial arts.
A large range of motion in the wrist joint in wrestlers reflects better development of the hand. This increases the likelihood of a good and fast grip for effective reception. Thus, the analysis of goniometric parameters confirms the conclusions made in the analysis of morphological criteria. The range of motion of the wrist joint was higher in the wrestlers. This affects the grip quality. Among athletes of percussion single combats, goniometric indicators reflect the specifics of conducting a fight. Right elbow flexion, right shoulder extension and abduction are indicative of the effectiveness of hand striking. Increasing the amplitude of these movements allows you to hit harder. An interesting fact is that in athletes of percussion martial arts, an increase in the interquartile range for the indices of extension of the left wrist joint was found. In our opinion, this illustrates the features of defense, the ability to block enemy strikes. In this context, it is important that the difference is confirmed specifically for the left hand, which blocks the opponent's right hand punches.

Conclusions
The analysis of the morphological and goniometric indicators of athletes of various types of martial arts confirmed the specific effect of the sport on the body of athletes. The features that are the factors of success are highlighted. For wrestlers, these include hand strength in various modes. It allows you to grip quickly and efficiently. This is the basis for a successful wrestling technique. Adequate development of the muscles of the limbs is also important for the execution of throws in wrestling. The lengthening of the lower leg provides kicks in martial arts. The established goniometric features reflect the possibility of quality gripping, striking or blocking. The morphofunctional indicators used can be applied to predict the success of athletes in various types of martial arts.